Food Science

Food Scientist

What the scientist does

Food Scientists study the nature of foods using engineering, and biological and physical sciences. They also study the causes of deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the improvement of foods for the consuming public, such as preserving of foods, etc.

What qualifications and training you would need

To become a food scientist you will need a Bachelor's degree in food science, food technology or food engineering.

Where to gain qualifications

• Otago University
• AUT University
• Auckland University
• Lincoln University

What subjects should you take at school

You should take:

• Biology
• Chemistry
• Physics
• Mathematics
• Food & Nutrition

It would be helpful to take all of the subjects at NCEA level 3 for more of a chance of getting into a university.

By Rebecca

Pharmacist

Pharmacists

Pharmacists prepare, mix and dispense prescribed medicines. They also give patients advice about their medication and medical conditions, and help ensure patients know how to take their medication properly.

To become a pharmacist you need to:

• have a Bachelor of Pharmacy
• complete an internship of one year working in a hospital or community pharmacy
• register with the Pharmacy Council of New Zealand
• have an Annual Practising Certificate, which requires ongoing training.

You can study Pharmacy at Otago and Auckland University with 5 years training.

Secondary education

NCEA Level 3 chemistry, physics, biology and maths is preferred.  

Personal requirements

Pharmacists need to be:

• honest and efficient
• responsible and careful, particularly when dealing with any dangerous drugs they may have on the premises
• able to work within a professional code of ethics and keep information private
• accurate, organised and observant, with an eye for detail
• friendly, patient and helpful, with communication and listening skills
• good researchers
• able to manage and train staff
• good at maths, and have record-keeping skills.

Pharmacists also need to have an understanding and awareness of a variety of cultures.


Lisa

Analytical Chemist.

Analytical Chemist

Analytical chemists examine substances to determine their composition. They also look at how elements in a compound interact with one another. Their work requires information about the make-up and possible interaction of substances that might be turned into medicine.

Analytical Chemistry has been an important area of science since the beginning of chemistry, It provides us with ways of identifying the elements and chemicals that are present in the object or substance in question. Analytical Chemists typically work in laboratories where they operate and maintain machinery such as spectrometers (an apparatus used for recording and measuring spectra, especially as a method of analysis) and Chromatographs (an apparatus for performing chromatography.)

How do you become an Analytical Chemist?
To be an Analytical chemist you usually need a Bachelor's degree in chemistry also have a relevant postgraduate qualification such as Master of Science or a Ph.D.
Take the courses of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry.

Where can you get a Bachelors degree in chemistry?

• Victoria University of Wellington.
• Massey University (Palmerston North)
• Canterbury University
• Otago University (Dunedin)

-Rebecca

1. 
   

Bill Bryson-BANG

The chapter first talks about Manson, Iowa and the Manson crater. People knew for a long time that there was something odd about the earth beneath Manson, Iowa. In 1912 a man by the name of Manson dug a well drilling for water, when he discovered a strangely deformed rock. (crystalline clast breccia with a melt matrix and overturned ejecta flap). In 1953 geologists agreed that the rocks were formed by a unspecified volcanic eruption. Where Manson now stands has become a hole 3 miles deep and more than 20 miles across. Unfortunately, after 2.5 million years of passing, ice sheets filled the crater of Manson. This is why not many people of heard of the Manson crater. Every June now Manson has a week-long event called Crater Days, to help people forget a unhappy anniversary of a tornado that hit Main street that killed many people.

The chapter then talks about asteroids. Asteroids are rocky objects orbiting in loose formation in a belt between Mars and Jupiter. As of July 2001, 26,000 asteroids had been named and identified. With up to a billion to identify the count has barely begun.

In 1985, two geologists by the names of Anderson and Witzke, went to an annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union where two scientists, Izett and C.L. Pillmore of the US Geological Survey announced that the Manson crater was the right age to have been involved with the dinosaurs extinction. Unfortunately, a more careful examination of the data was revealed that Manson was not only to small but also 9 million years too early. Since this happened Anderson and Witzke no longer had the crater that made the dinosaurs extinct.

If a asteroid or comet travelling at cosmic velocities it would enter the Earth's atmosphere at such a speed the air beneath it couldn't get out of the way and would be compressed, like a bicycle pump. Since compressed air grows swiftly hot and the temperature would rise below it, when it enters the atmosphere everything in the meteor’s path would just crinkle or vanish. People up to 1500 km away would be knocked off their feet or clobbered by a blizzard of flying projectiles. Beyond 1500 km the devastation from the blast would gradually diminish. But that's just the initial shock wave. The impact would set off earthquakes, cause volcanoes to erupt, tsunamis would rise and within an hour a cloud of blackness would cover the Earth and burning rock and debris would be pelting down everywhere. It has been estimated that at least a billion and a half people would be dead just after the first day. If we managed to get a warhead to the asteroid it would turn into a string of rocks that would slam into us one after the other.

The good news is that it appears to take an awful lot to extinguish a species. The bad news is that the good news can never be counted on. We shouldn't be looking at space for petrifying danger. As we are about to see. Earth can provide plenty of danger of it’s own.

Biochemist

Biochemist

Biochemists study the chemical process and transformation on living microorganisms. This includes viruses and bacteria, the chemical function of digestion, vaccines, DNA and cell parts. They use their study to present to scientists, engineers and coworkers to help improve the life of humans through agriculture, medical research and industrial research.

To enter the work force as a biochemist you need either 

- A bachelor of technology specialising in biochemistry

- Bachelor of science

- a bachelor of science and technology 

At college getting NCEA level 3 in chemistry, biology, maths or physics will help at university 

Where to get a bachelor in biochemistry 

-Waikato university

-Otago university

-Auckland university 

Pay for biotechnologists depends on their qualifications and experience.

• Biochemists with Bachelor's degrees working at the technician level usually earn around $35,000-$55,000 a year.
• Those with Master’s degrees usually earn around $55,000-$75,000.
• Senior biochemists, who have PhDs, may earn $76,000-$94,000.
• With more responsibility and experience, pay could rise to about $130,000 a year or more.

(Pay amounts from www.careers.co.nz)

In 2012 there were only 76 biochemists working in New Zealand, the number has been dropped from 87 in 2010

Molecular Biochemist

What is a Molecular Biochemist

The job of a Molecular Biochemist is to study chemical processes within living organisms. This means that they study living creatures on the molecular level.  It is very similar to other kinds of chemistry but they mainly specialise in the study of living cells. They study creatures cell by cell and how the cells react with each other. They study anything that is alive including plants and fungi. They study the proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and other important molecules that make up living organisms. Molecular Biochemists are highly respected in their field of science due to their high knowledge of their

How to Become a Molecular Biochemist

To become a Molecular Biochemist it would help to study Biology, Chemistry and Physics. After that you need to get a Bachelor’s degree in Biology or Biochemistry. After that it would help to get a Masters in Biology or achieve a PHd in a subject of biology. It will take about 7 years to get all of the degrees you need to succeed in this field.

By Luke Walker

Oceanographer

Oceanography covers a wide range of topics, including marine life and ecosystems, ocean circulation, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical and physical properties of the ocean.

Generally you will need a Bachelor of Science specializing in oceanography. Most Oceanographers complete a PHD as well.

Where to gain qualifications:

·        University of Otago

·        University of Waikato

·         Victoria  University

·         University of Auckland

Useful subjects to take at College would be:

Physics, chemistry, maths with calculus and/ or statistics, geography and English.

University of Otago recommends students have at least 3 of year 13, Biology, Calculus, Chemistry, Statistics, and Physics.

One of the first places you could look for a job as an Oceanographer would be with NIWA. The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) is one of New Zealand's leading environmental science and applied research service provider, specialising in atmospheric, freshwater and marine research. They have 15 offices around New Zealand.

Muster Marks Quarks

in 1911 a british scientist called, C.T.R. Wilson was studying cloud formations by tramping up the same mountain everyday. But he thought that there must have been an easier way instead of the daily tramp. So he built an artificial cloud chamber which could cool and moisten the air. it worked well but gave an after affect of leaving a trail while he accelerated an alpha particle making the particle detector or also known as the atom smasher because the accelerated alpha particle would fly into another particle and they would see what came off. Modern "atom smashers" can move particles at a speed to be able to run 47,000 laps around a 7km tunnel! But it is feared that scientists using these machines will create either a black hole or a thing called "strange quarks" which have the potential to uncontrollably explode. In 1980 production begun, for $8 billion to dig a 84km hole into the ground and create a huge "atom smasher" but they ended up only spending $2 billion on the project and only dug 22km deep and abondoned the project because of expenses. Quarks have the potential to explode the universe and the atom smasher is the only way we could create the quarks.

by Oscar

Bill Bryson- Getting the Lead Out

Bill Bryson- Getting the Lead Out

This chapter is about Thomas Midgley, Clair Patterson, and carbon dating. 

The chapter starts by talking about Thomas Midgley: he was trained as an engineer, and worked for the General Motors Research Corporation in Dayton, Ohio. He was also fascinated by industrial chemistry. One day while working in the late 1940's, he investigated a compound called tetrahedral lead, and discovered that it stopped engine cock, which was a common problem in those days. Lead was widely know as dangerous but was still used in everyday products such as toothpaste holders and food cans, if you get too much lead in your system then in can permanently damage the brain and cause serious health problems, for example kidney failure, delirium and comas. 

When the 3 biggest petrol companies in the USA heard that tetrahedral lead stopped engine cock they formed a company called Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to make as much tetrahedral lead the world could take. They discovered that it was very easy to work and extremely profitable. The company used 'ethyl' instead of 'lead because it sounded less toxic. The problem was when lead was introduced into petrol, it had the massive and long-lasting effect on the amount of lead on the earth.

The chapter then starts to talk about carbon-dating, which is the process of finding the age of rocks through the particles in it. Many people had tried to find a way to accurately do this but it was proving near impossible it seemed. Willard Libby and Arthur Holmes both put forward theories in the early 1940s but they were both proved wrong in one way or another.

When everyone had given up Clair Patterson worked on, even when he lost all funding from his university and didn't even have the funds to afford a calculator he tested and trialled with the most basic and cheapest equipment around.  It took seven years but finally, in 1953, he had samples to take into the National Laboratory for final testing, and it was discovered that he was right, his theory, involving Carbon-14 was correct. During his research Patterson had found unusual amounts of lead in the atmosphere,  he decided to research more into this.

After researching for a while he was astounded to find the amount of lead in the atmosphere and was shocked to see that by trial different things, before the 1900s, and the introduction of leaded petrol and use of lead in household items, there had been almost zero lead in the atmosphere. 50 years later and there was hundreds of thousands of pounds, all because of Thomas Midgley's idea of leaded petrol. 

Patterson was so stunned by the information he found, he started a full scale campaign to ban lead from petrol. It started a war between him and the Ethyl Corporation, Patterson arguing that the lead had devastating affects on the environment and people living there. The war lasted decades, when it finished Clair Patterson had no friends, and hardly any possessions, but he had won, leaded petrol was banned in the early 1990's and began to phase out.

The Ethyl company is still active and as late as 2001 it was still trying to get leaded petrol introduced again.

Environmental Chemist

Environmental chemists try to understand how chemicals move through the environment and their effects on human health and the environment itself. This is done through field and laboratory work, including measurements, data interpretation and computer modelling.

QUALIFICATIONS:

• To become an entry- level environmental chemist you need a bachelor of science in environmental chemistry or a closely related flied such as organic chemistry.
• To work as a consultant for environmental chemist you require a masters degree in environmental chemistry or a closely related flied.
• If you would like to do research and or have a teaching position  at an university you will need a PhD in environmental chemistry or a closely related flied.

To become an environmental chemist you can study at the following universities:

1. Otago
2. Massey
3. Waikato
4. AUT (Auckland university)
5. Canterbury
6. Victoria

To be able to study environmentel chemistrty at universiry you need to take the following subjects:

• biological sciences
• chemistry
• geography
• geology

Bill Bryson - The Mighty Atom

Bill Bryson - The Mighty Atom

The Caltech physicist Richard Feynman once observed that if you had to reduce scientific history to one statement it would be: 'All things are made of atoms'. Everything you can touch and see around you is made up of atoms, including the air.

Atoms combine together to form molecules. At sea level, an object the size of a sugar cube will contain 45 billion billion molecules. Half a million atoms lined up side by side could still hide behind a single human hair. This shows how tiny atoms and molecules are and that there are a lot of them.

Atoms are also fantastically durable. They are passed from stars, to people, to plants. It has been suggested that a billion of the atoms that form a part of you, once belonged to William Shakespeare. So in a way, we are all reincarnations. When we die our atoms will be disassembled and reused into something else eg. another person, water, or a leaf. It has also been estimated that atoms can survive as long as 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 years.

In the 1800s scientists such as John Dalton theorized the construction of atoms and molecules but because they are so tiny, it as impossible to prove who's theories were correct. This was the case until Earnest Rutherford conducted a series of experiments at Cambridge University in 1910. Rutherford's experiments proved atoms have a dense nucleus made up of neutrons, protons (positive charge), with electrons (negative charge) orbiting the nucleus. The nucleus only occupies 1 millionth of a billionth of the atom's full volume and atoms are essentially made up of empty space. If you expanded an atom to the size of a cathedral, the nucleus would only be the size of a fly in the middle of it, except the fly would be thousands of times heavier than the cathedral.

As all things are made up of atoms and atoms are almost completely empty space, you might wonder why you don't just fall through the floor when standing on it. This doesn't happen because the negative charge the electrons have, repels the negative charge from atoms that it comes in contact with. So while you think you are standing of the floor, you're actually levitating 1 atom above the floor.

Further research that happened after 1905 by Neils Bohr and Albert Einstein gave rise to a theory called Quantum mechanics which describes the behavior of atoms and subatomic particles. These theories have been tested and proven to be correct although from our everyday experiences they sound crazy. The current experiments at C.E.R.N using the large Hadron Collider are continuing to explore atoms and the very small world.

- Ella Jackson

Bill Bryson - Einstein's Universe

In Bill Bryson's A Short History of Everything, he writes a chapter about Einsteins Universe, in which he talks about the speed of light and other things. At the start of this chapter Bryson talks about the speed of light and how in the 1800s when physicists Albert Michelson and Edward Morley accidentally discovered the Ether, A medium that was thought to permeate the earth.This was needed in the 1800s when physicists thought that light and electromagnetism were seen as waves. Skip ahead a couple years and you find yourself Max Planck, a 42 year-old theoretical physicist at the university of Berlin. Planck unveiled a new quantum theory, which posited that energy is not a continuous thing like flowing water but comes in individualized packets, which he called quanta.This becomes relevant when talking about Einstien. Now on to everybody's favorite person, Alert Einstein, born in Ulm in 1879 Ablert wasn't a stand out kid, until later in life when he wrote the scientific paper "On the Electrodynamics of moving bodies". His famous equation "E = McSquared" came months later. In essence what relativity is, is your position relative to the moving object. Bryson goes on to talk about space time, and how gravity is a byproduct of space time. Edwin Hubble, the greatest astronomer of the 20th century, because he tackled these 2 questions. How old is the universe? and how big is it?. Although he did this, he couldn't understand why the universe never stopped expanding, that was discovered by Belgium pries-scholar Goerges Lemaitre who said that, the universe began as a geometric point, a 'primeval atom' , which burst into glory and hasn't stopped ever since.

Metallurgist

A Metallurgist is a scientist that studies the physical and chemical behaviour of metals, metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. They investigate and examine the performance of these metals and use them to produce a wide range of useful products. There are different areas of metallurgy, like physical (e.g. studying properties and forms of different metals) and chemical (e.g. looking at chemical properties and transformations of metals), but in practice these roles overlap.

Qualifications:

Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Engineering ( in certain areas).
Relevant degree subjects that could help with getting the job are chemical engineering, materials science and physics. Employers also look for qualities like:

• good communication and presentation skills;
• teamworking;
• business awareness;
• problem-solving;
• innovation;
• leadership;
• initiative, drive and enthusiasm;
• numeracy;
• attention to detail;
• ability to focus on results.

You can gain these qualifications in the University of Auckland and the course takes about three or four years to complete. Helpful subjects to take at school are physics and chemistry.

Bill Bryson- Elemental Matters

The chapter “elemental matters” goes over the history of chemistry, and how it came into existence. it talks about the early stages, being when it was first distinguished as being different to alchemy, and about the famous (or not so famous) scientists and their discoveries. the first person talked about is Hennig Brand who discovered phosphorus in 1675. Then Scheele, with his discoveries of chlorine, fluorine, manganese, barium, molybdenum, tungsten, nitrogen and oxygen, and got credit for none of them. Then Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier who never discovered any elements, but took the discoveries of others and made sense of them. Then Humphry Davy, who discovered potassium, sodium, magnesium,calcium, strontium, and aluminium. It also talks about Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, who came up with the idea of the periodic table. Then it talks about Ernest Rutherford, and his works with radioactive materials.

Bill Bryson - Science Red in Tooth and Claw

Bill Bryson - Science Red in Tooth and Claw

In this chapter I learnt about how scientists analysed and discovered fossilized bones from creatures dated years and years ago.

It all started in 1787 when someone in New Jersey found a thigh bone, which was thought to be from a duckbilled dinosaur, sticking out of a stream bank at Woodbury Creek. At the time they didn't know about dinosaurs so they sent to to an anatomist  call Dr Caspar Wistar. He failed to recognize what the bone was from and missed the chance to be the discoverer of dinosaurs.

In Philadelphia, naturalists started to assemble the bones of a huge elephant-like creature known as 'the great American ingonitum' but was later identified as a mammoth. In their keeness to show the incognitum's ferocity, the naturalists appear to have gotten carried away. They overestimated its size by a scale factor of six and gave it terrifying claws, which actually came from a Megalonyx or a giant ground sloth.

In 1812 at Lyme Regis on the Dorset coast, a young child named Mary Anning found a starnge fossilized sea monster, 17 feet long and is now known as the ichthyosaurus, embedded in the steep, dangerous cliffs along the English Channel. That was the start of a remarkable career as Anning would spend the next thirty-five years gathering fossils, which she sold to visitors. She is commonly belived to be the source of the famous tongue-twister 'She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore'.

In conclusion, scientists spent years trying to discover bones from dinosaurs and other creatures that were fossilized into stone all over America and England.

Bill Bryson - The Stone Breakers

 As far as I know this chapter of Bill Bryson is telling us about the history of geology. It is also telling us about the people themselves whom discovered new theories and ideas on their dispute.

The first person to discover geology was a man by the name of James Hutton. In his time with no rivalry, he found a question he needed an answer to, it was "how slow the shaping of the earth is". Unfortunately, he himself was not able to set it in a written form that people could understand. In his 1795 masterwork, he created the science of geology almost singlehandedly, changed our perspective on the shaping of the earth.

When James Hutton passed away, a man called Charles Lyell was born.  He became a professor of geology at Kings College in London from 1831 to 1833. Also at this time he produced 'the principles of geology,' which elaborated on the thoughts first voiced by James Hutton.
Between James Hutton's time and Lyells, there was another important idea people pondered about and in the end there became two sides, catastrophists and uniformiterains. Catastrophists thought that the earth was shaped by catastrophic events such as flooding and earthquakes. While the others thought it all happened over massive spans of time.
In the end, not one person in this generation could figure out an equation for how many years the earth had existed.

Neurobiologist

What is a Neurobiologist?

A neurologist is a medical doctor or osteopath who has trained in the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders, including diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles.

What qualifications and training will you need?

It usually takes about 14 years of university-level training to become a neurologist in most countries, as well as passing several national-level certification exams. A person has to complete a medical degree, pass national-level tests to get a medical license, and then take an additional three to four-year residency, which consists of specialized training in neurology.

University

At the University of Otago, Neuroscience is available as a major subject of study for the degrees of Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Science with Honours, Master of Science, for the Diploma for Graduates, the Postgraduate Diploma in Science and the Doctor of Philosophy.

Subjects to Take


Biology, Chemistry and pre-med courses.

Kenzie:)

Pharmacologist

Job Description:

Pharmacologists investigate how drugs interact with biological systems. Undertaking in vitro research (using cells or animal tissues) or in vivo research (using whole animals) to predict what effect the drug might have in humans. Pharmacologists aim to understand how drugs operate so they can easily used effectively and safety with no problems. They also conduct research to aid drug discovery and development. Their work involves a high level of collaboration with other scientists.

What it takes:
Pharmacologists must have an advanced degree such as a Ph.D. Students interested in entering the field should take classes in toxicology, chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and microbiology. Pharmacologists must have a strong background in math and science and need to be able to gather, analyze, and understand medical data. Additionally, they should have excellent written and oral communication skills and must be capable of operating medical equipment and other machinery used in research.

Where:

University of Auckland
University of Otago
University of Wellington

Bill Bryson - The Measure of Things

The measure of things:

Triangulation is a popular method for working out distance and dimensions based on the principles that interior angles of a triangle sum 180°. For example:  if there was one person in Paris and one person in  Moscow and you knew the distance between the two people and you could connect an imaginary line between the two people and then two more lines to the moon you have a triangle. From there you can work out all the angles and the distance to the moon.

In 1684 Dr Halley visits Isaac Newton, he asked him to produce a paper on an unrelated matter, Newton did that and much more. He ended up developing, over the period of two years, his three laws of motion, which states simply that that an object will keep moving in a straight line until something some other force acts to slow or deflected it, that every action has an opposite an equal reaction and his universal law of gravitation that states every object in the universe extracts a tug on every other.

In 1769 a large number of the scientific community had set off to remote places in the world to observe the transit of Venus, their reason, to be able to calculate the distance from Earth to the sun and there find earths position in the solar system. All of the scientists that set out to watch the transit of Venus failed.  But a little-known Yorkshire born sea captain named James Cook successfully charted the Venusian transit. He watched the transit from a sunny hilltop in Tahiti and then went on to chart and claim Australia. Upon Captain Cooks return the French astronomer Joseph Lalande had enough information to calculate that the mean distance from the earth to the sun was little over 150,000,000 km. Later transits in the 19^th century astronomers came up with a figure of 149.5,000,000 km which has remained ever since.

In 1669 after many others had attempted, astronomer Jean Picard was able to devise a method of triangulation, he used it to make the most accurate measurement of a degree of Arc at 110.46 km. Which is the information needed to work out the circumference of the earth. Isaac Newton had a theory that the earth wasn’t a complete sphere and that there was a slight flattening at the polls, his theory was proven correct by Jean Picard.

The mass of the Earth was calculated in the summer of 1774 by Maskelyne on a mountain in Scotland. That summer he was able to calculate the mass of the Earth at 5,000 million million tons. From that calculation we can now calculate the mass of all the other major bodies in the solar system. Like the Sun. So from this one experiment we learnt the mass of the Earth, the Sun, the moon, other planets and there moons. Contour lines were invented in the process. They are the lines that are used to judge the altitude on a map, which we still used today.

In in 1769 Cavendish conducted an experiment with equipment made from a deceased scientist. The aim was to discover the weight of the earth. After a year when he had finished his calculations and experiments he was able to establish that the earths weight was 6 billion trillion metric tons.

So in conclusion by the late 18^th century scientists knew very precisely the shape, dimensions and weight of earth and its distance from the Sun and planets. Even with all the modern-day technology we’ve only been able to confirm these discoveries.

Ryan Gardner

Meteorologist

Meteorologist:

Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and the cause of the weather. Meteorology has been around for thousands of years dating back when people looked at could formations and the season cycle to predict the weather. Meteorologists predict the weather today by finding the daily high and low temperature, the humidity, air pressure and the speed and what direction the wind is coming from. They then use computer generated maps to track the weather patterns. Meteorologists usually work in: The media (like the news) and transport services like shipping or air. The Word Meteorology has nothing to do with meteors it comes from the Greek word “metéōros” which means “high in the air”.

Qualifications:

To be an Meteorologist you usually need a Masters or Doctorate in physics, chemistry, maths, geography and meteorology as well as: Good problem solving , Writing ( for reports) , communicating and be able to work in a team. Also it requires some geographical skills. 3-6 years of training is required. If you wanted to work at Met service you would just need a bachelor of science and maths or physics.

You can get these qualifications at:

Victoria University of wellington is the only university that does a masters degree in Meteorology.

Also you can work or get experience at NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research) they pretty much do  everything to do with environment.